As we learned in Part 1, from the beginning of Islamic history the mosque was the cornerstone of the Muslim community.

It was not established simply as a house of prayer. It is easy to arrive at this conclusion because God gave the nation of Muhammad a unique gift.

The majority of the globe, with very few exceptions, is a place of prayer. Buildings, mosques, are not required to fulfill this need.

"The (whole) earth has been made a mosque (or a place of prayer) and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the time for prayer comes, let him pray.” (Al-Bukhari, 335)

Therefore one would assume that the mosque is more than just a sheltered area to pray in. It is of course, and we must not overlook this, a place where Muslims, irrespective of their race or ethnicity, gather together five times per day. This conveys a subtle message about the importance of staying together, united as one nation of Muslims.

 Unity is particularly important in the 21st. century because more than ever before the Muslim nation is disunited and spread throughout the globe.

But time and circumstance both have the habit of making small changes and small changes happened to the role of the mosque as history swept forward. As communities in Muslim nations became bigger, more than one well was required, more than one school, more than one marketplace and more than one mosque. In fact mosques were seemingly built on every corner but many of them became little more than places of prayer. The larger mosques continued to fulfill their various functions so in Muslim countries the mosque will often serve the same purpose for which it was established nearly 1500 years ago.

Things are different in the west however, while Muslims might have their own shopping areas, restaurants and schools these are not the places that traditionally give and maintain a Muslim sense of identity. That place is the local mosque. It is in the mosque that a Muslim keeps his spirituality alive, strengthens the bond with his Creator, meets and communicates with his fellow Muslims and renews his sense of belonging.

Sadly many mosques currently serve as places of worship, for breaking the fast during Ramadan, and little else. However if mosques throughout the world reverted to their traditional purpose and place in Muslim society they could bring about great social change and influence non-Muslims to rethink the predominating views of Islam prevalent today.

To be the heart of a vibrant Muslim society, mosques need to face the challenges brought about by the globalization and growth of the 21st. century.

First and foremost is the challenge of offering a welcoming atmosphere. To perform a useful function in the Muslim society mosques of the 21st. century need to throw the front door open to all sections of society, just as the first mosque did.

Women, mothers with young children, the elderly, the youth, the poor and disenfranchised and non-Muslims interested in Islam should find the mosque a welcoming place.

The mosque and its surrounds typically referred to in the west as the Islamic centre could house such facilities as a cafeteria, a sports facility most particularly for the youth, a library with computers and internet, classrooms, halal food store, and a child minding centre so that men and women can enjoy the educational and sports facilities without worrying about small children.

The mosque could distribute aid to the poor and the needy. Many of these functions do take place but sadly many do not. The modern mosque should be the focal point of a Muslim’s life. It should be a welcoming place for all Muslims, and all those interested in finding out about Muslims and Islam.

Throughout the Muslim world many mosques have become tourist attractions. They are known for their beautiful and often ground breaking architecture but sadly those most frequently visited by tourists are no longer houses of prayer.

The innumerable small mosques located in every neighborhood in many Asian and Middle Eastern countries are uninviting to non-Muslims, tourists and women alike. In larger cities cultural and Islamic centers have been built specifically targeting the needs of non-Muslims. The needs of Muslims are often met by Zakah foundations, and other charity organizations.

Gone are the days when small mosque communities looked after each other. This is true throughout the western world too. We have all seen the signs that relegate women to back entrances and many non-Muslims have kept walking when confronted by groups of men standing outside mosque entrances.

In their research for the documentary film Unmosqued, the film makers found some unsettling statistics about the mosques in America. Mosques they found are under-financed and understaffed.

While mosque attendance is higher than other American religious congregations, mosque budgets are less than half the budget of other congregations. Only 44% of all Imams are full-time and paid. Half of all mosques have no full-time staff. Program staff such as youth directors or outreach directors account for only 5% of all full-time staff. Only 3% of mosques consider "New Muslim" classes a top priority.

It appears then that the challenges for the mosque in the 21st. century, in both the Muslim and western spheres are to make the mosque a more inclusive space.

In the time of Prophet Muhammad it was not unusual for the homeless to sleep in the mosque whilst matters of state were discussed in an area close by. Sadly now days some mosques are locked up between prayer times. Some mosques in some countries are facing up to the challenges.